A ball-stud forging process which involves neck forming was simulated.

 A ball-stud with cavity in the head was automatically simulated. The effective strain was shown in the figure.

A ball-stud cold forging process was simulated by a rigid-plastic finite element method in a fully automatic way. The predictions were published in the proceeding of MFCAE 1996. The grain flow (metal flow) lines were traced and shown in the figure.