The grain size was predicted during hot forging and the validity of the results was verified. The material constants were obtained using AFDEX’s unique optimization technique for the single stage upsetting process of the three-stage process. When compared with the experimental results, it is concluded that the error is about 10%, which can be lower…

Multi-scale microstructure evolution Fig 1. Micro-scael prediction Fig 2. Grain refinement with strain (Copper at room temperature) Tech. Report of Cooperative Research, 2017, submitted to MFRC by Purdue University